Pollen−Pistil Interactions
Pollination does not always ensure the transfer of compatible pollens. Hence, the pistil has the ability to recognise the right type of pollen to pr…
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Out Breeding Devices
Repeated self pollination leads to inbreeding depression. Plants have developed methods to prevent self pollination. Autogamy is prevented by follow…
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Agents of Pollination
Plants use air, water (abiotic agents) and animals (biotic agents) for pollination. Pollination by wind : It is the most common form of abiotic poll…
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Pollination
It is the process of transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma. Depending on the source of pollen, pollination can be divided as follo…
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Female Gametophyte
In most flowering plants, only one megaspore is functional while the other three degenerate. The single functional megaspore develops into the femal…
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Megasporogenesis
The megaspore mother cell (MMC) gets converted into megaspores by the process of megasporogenesis. The MMC is large and contains a dense cytoplasm a…
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Megasporangium
The ovule is attached to the placenta by the funicle. The junction of the ovule and the funicle is called hilum. Each ovule has one or two protectiv…
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Gynoecium and Formation of Female Gametophyte
The gynoecium represents the female reproductive part of a flower. It may be mono-carpellary (one pistil) or multi-carpellary (many pistils). In mul…
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Pollen grains
Represent the male gamete and are spherical, having a two-layered wall as; Exine (outer) − Hard layer made of sporopollenin, which is extremely resi…
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Post-fertilisation events
The events in sexual reproduction which occurs after the formation of zygote are called post-fertilisation events. The Zygote Formation of the diplo…
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Fertilisation
The fusion of gamets is the most important event of sexual reproduction. This process called syngamy results in the formation of a diploid zygote. I…
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Gamete transfer
Male and female gametes must be physically brought together to facilitate fusion (fertilisation). In a majority of organisms, male gamete is motile…
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Pre-fertilisation events
The two main pre-fertilisation events are: Gametogenesis and gamete transfer. a. Gametogenesis Gametogenesis is the process of formation of the two …
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Sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction is the process of formation of the male and female gametes, either by the same individual or by different individuals of the op…
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Asexual reproduction
In this method, a single individual (parent) is capable of producing offspring. As a result, the offspring that are produced are not only identical…
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